Succinate [Succinic acid]

Specifications / Handling

More Information
Product Details
Synonyms	Butanedioic acid; 1,4-Butandioic acid; Ethylene dicarboxylic acid; NSC 106449
Product Type	Chemical
Properties
Formula	C₄H₆O₄
MW	118.1
CAS	110-15-6
Purity Chemicals	≥99%
Appearance	White powder.
Solubility	Soluble in water (50mg/ml), ethanol (20mg/ml) or methanol (50mg/ml).
InChi Key	KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Smiles	O=C(CCC(O)=O)O
Shipping and Handling
Shipping	AMBIENT
Short Term Storage	+20°C
Long Term Storage	+4°C
Handling Advice	Keep cool and dry.
Use/Stability	Stable for at least 2 years after receipt when stored at +4°C.
Documents
MSDS	Download PDF
Product Specification Sheet
Datasheet	Download PDF

Product-specific References

Description

Metabokine that accumulates specifically in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and induces thermogenesis by activating brown fat (BAT).
Inflammasome activator through a ROS-dependent pathway. Important in antimicrobial defense.
Oncometabolite promoting angiogenesis. Agent to study cancer immunity, involved in both inflammatory diseases and cancer.
Important in microbe-microbe interactions in gut microbiota.
Useful for immunometabolism research. Intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle playing a crucial role in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation in mitochondria. All metabolic pathways that are interlinked with the TCA cycle, including the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, cholesterol and heme, rely on the temporary formation of succinate.
Binds to the receptor SUCNR1 (GPR91) triggering intracellular calcium release and inhibits cAMP production, inducing cellular stress.
Succinate is released by muscles during exercice by a pH-gated secretion mechanism via MCT1 (monocarboxylate transporter 1). Released succinate binds to its receptor SUCNR1 (Succinate Receptor 1) to mediate muscle adaptation to exercice training.
Involved in the formation and elimination of reactive oxygen species, epigenetics, tumorigenesis and inflammation (inflammatory cytokine production).
Involved in protein succinylation, a novel posttranslational modification pathway.
Mutations in enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that participate in succinate-related pathways lead to various pathologies, including tumor formation and innate inflammatory processes. High concentration of succinate in tumor microenvironments acts as an active participant in tumorigenesis.
Extracellular succinate can act as a signaling molecule with hormone-like function, targeting a variety of tissues such as blood cells, adipose tissue, immune cells, the liver, the heart, the retina and kidney.
Re-entry point for the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt into the TCA cycle, a closed cycle which synthesizes and recycles GABA.
Used in a wide range of applications in agricultural, food (neutralizing agent), pharmaceutical industries and as building block for dyes or flavouring agents. In addition it can also be used in the synthesis of biodegradable polymers and as a matrix in infrared (IR) MALDI analytical methods.

Product References

High glucose and renin release: the role of succinate and GPR91: J. Peti-Peterdi; Kidney Int. 78, 1214 (2010) (Review)
Succinate: a metabolic signal in inflammation: E. Mills & L.A. O'Neill; Trends Cell Biol. 24, 313 (2014) (Review)
Unsuspected task for an old team: succinate, fumarate and other Krebs cycle acids in metabolic remodelling: P. Benit,et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1837, 1330 (2014) (Review)
Glucose, Lactate, β-Hydroxybutyrate, Acetate, GABA, and Succinate as Substrates for Synthesis of Glutamate and GABA in the Glutamine-Glutamate/GABA Cycle: L. Hertz & D.L. Rothman; Adv. Neurobiol. 13, 9 (2016)
GPR91 senses extracellular succinate released from inflammatory macrophages and exacerbates rheumatoid arthritis: A. Littlewood-Evans, et al.; J. Exp. Med. 213, 1655 (2016)
Succinate, an intermediate in metabolism, signal transduction, ROS, hypoxia, and tumorigenesis: L. Tretter, et al.; Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1857, 1086 (2016) (Review)
Succinate/NLRP3 Inflammasome Induces Synovial Fibroblast Activation: Therapeutical Effects of Clematichinenoside AR on Arthritis: Y. Li, et al.; Front. Immunol. 7, 532 (2016)
Itaconate Links Inhibition of Succinate Dehydrogenase with Macrophage Metabolic Remodeling and Regulation of Inflammation: V. Lampropoulou, et al.; Cell Metab. 24, 158 (2016)
Food Fight: Role of Itaconate and Other Metabolites in Antimicrobial Defense: H.H. Luan, et al.; Cell Metab. 24, 379 (2016) (Review)
Succinate in the cancer-immune cycle: S. Jiang & W. Yan; Cancer Lett. 390, 45 (2017) (Review)
Succinate metabolism: a new therapeutic target for myocardial reperfusion injury: V.R. Pell, et al.; Cardiovasc. Res. 111, 134 (2016) (Review)
Intermediates of Metabolism: From Bystanders to Signalling Molecules: R. Haas, et al.; TIBS 41, 460 (2016) (Review)
Oncometabolite succinate promotes angiogenesis by upregulating VEGF expression through GPR91-mediated STAT3 and ERK activation: X. Mu, et al.; Oncotarget 8, 13174 (2017)
Succinate: An initiator in tumorigenesis and progression: T. Zhao, et al.; Oncotarget 8, 53819 (2017) (Review)
Progress of succinic acid production from renewable resources: Metabolic and fermentative strategies: M. Jiang, et al.; Bioresour. Technol. 245, 1710 (2017) (Review)
Gut-brain signaling in energy homeostasis: the unexpected role of microbiota-derived succinate: F. de Vadder & G. Mithieux; J. Endocrinol. 236, R105 (2018) (Review)
Elevated circulating levels of succinate in human obesity are linked to specific gut microbiota: C. Serena, et al.; ISME J. 12, 1642 (2018)
Multiple faces of succinate beyond metabolism in blood: F. Grimolizzi & L. Arranz; Haematologica 103, 1586 (2018) (Review)
Accumulation of succinate controls activation of adipose tissue thermogenesis: E.L. Milles, et al.; Nature 560, 102 (2018)
pH-Gated succinate secretion regulates muscle remodeling in response to exercise: A. Reddy, et al.; Cell (Epub ahead of print) (2020)

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